World War Is Mitteleuropa

World War I's Mitteleuropa German for ‘Middle Europe’, there are a wide range of interpretations for Mitteleuropa, but chief among them was the German plan for an empire in central and eastern Europe that would have been created had Germany won the First World War. War Aims In September 1914, a few months after the start of World War I, German Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg created the ‘September Programme’ which, along with other documents, set out a grandiose plan for post-war Europe. It would be enacted if Germany was totally successful in the war, and at that point nothing was certain. A system called ‘Mitteleuropa’ would be created, an economic and customs union of central European lands that would be led by Germany (and to a lesser extent Austria-Hungary). As well as these two, Mitteleuropa would include German domination of Luxembourg, Belgium and their Channel Ports, the Baltic and Poland from Russia, and possibly France. There would be a sister body, Mittelafrika, in Africa, leading to German hegemony of both continents. That these war aims had to be invented after the war started is often used as a stick with which to beat the German command: they are chiefly blamed for starting the war and didn’t even know what t hey wanted beyond having threats from Russia and France removed. It’s unclear exactly how far the German people supported this dream, or how seriously it was taken. Indeed, the plan itself was allowed to fade as it became obvious the war would last a long time and may not be won by Germany at all. A variation emerged in 1915 when the Central Powers defeated Serbia and Germany proposed a Central European Federation be created, led by Germany, this time recognizing the needs of the war by placing all military forces under German command. Austria-Hungary was still strong enough to object and the plan again faded. Greed or Matching Others? Why did Germany aim for a Mitteleuropa? To Germany’s west were Britain and France, a pair of countries with a vast global empire. To the east was Russia, which had a land empire stretching to the Pacific. Germany was a new nation  and had missed out as the rest of Europe had carved the world up between them. But Germany was an ambitious nation  and wanted an empire too. When they looked around them, they had the hugely powerful France directly west, but between Germany and Russia were eastern European states that could form an empire. English language literature racistly considered a European conquest as worse than their own global conquests, and painted Mitteleuropa as significantly worse. Germany had mobilized millions of people and suffered millions of casualties; they tried to come up with war aims to match.In the end, we don’t know how far Mitteleuropa would have been created. It was dreamt up in a moment of chaos and action, but perhaps the Treaty of Brest-Lit ovsk with Russia in March 1918 is a clue, as this transferred a vast area of Eastern Europe to German control. It was their failure in the west that caused this infant empire to be erased.

Religious Studies Marcel Mauss Theory of Magic

Religious Studies Marcel Mauss Theory of Magic Unlike other earlier scholars who had treated the practice of magic as a psychological phenomenon, Mauss postulated that the practice of magic had an origin in the social organization of the society. Mauss’ work is of great interest to anthropologists because of the approach that he had followed in coming up with the general theory of magic.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Religious Studies: Marcel Mauss Theory of Magic specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Here, Mauss tried to establish a social pattern that contributed to the practice of magic by studying different societies. Among the most common practices in the Christian fraternity, which, for the purpose of this paper, can be classified as magical, one could mention the practice of speaking in tongues. In this paper, I will explore how the practice of speaking in tongues is integrated with magical aspects as proposed by Mauss. A number of elements that are in cluded in magic practices can (at least to some extent) be associated with the practice of speaking in tongues. If preachers can be classified as magicians because of their role in initiating the speaking of tongues on their followers. So, for the purpose of this paper, they can be considered as magicians. Does the practice of speaking in tongues involve some rituals? Before they can speak in tongues, a congregation of followers is usually taught the concept of the Holy Spirit from the Bible. Consequently, believers are encouraged to accept the Bible’s teachings on the gift of the Holy Spirit (who is responsible for the phenomenon of speaking in tongues). It is, therefore, difficult to place such a process on the same line as a ritualistic process. Do Christians use magical words to cast a spell of speaking in tongues? There are no specific words that must be used to catalyze/start the process of speaking in tongues among Christians. What is required for believers to speak in tongues is a belief in the Bible teachings about the Holy Spirit, after which they can ask God to give them the power to speak in tongues through prayers. Christians do not believe that they have to follow a specific pattern to be able to speak in tongues. Still, there is some loose and general procedure that is followed. Can the practice of speaking in tongues be considered as a social phenomenon? First, as Mauss might have correctly argued, Christianity is an institution that pre-exists a believer. One is born to find Christianity beliefs already in place. Hence, he/she does not design a new belief system on his/her own. Likewise, teachings on the practice of speaking in tongues have existed for many centuries. As Mauss might have correctly implied, Christian believers were usually â€Å"pressurized upon† and expected to start speaking in tongues during meetings that focused on the aspect of speaking in tongues. Thus, since the practice of speaking in tongues does not sole ly depend on an individual’s effort, it can be considered as a social phenomenon.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Finally, although the general Christian beliefs, including the practice of speaking in tongues are based on a belief in a supernatural force, Christians do not believe that this supernatural force is alienated from humanity, and that they can dwell in objects (although they can live in humans). As it was noted by Mauss, the principle of mana did not apply equally here. So, multiple aspects that are present in the practice of speaking in tongues can relate (even if to a limited extent) to some of Mauss’ propositions on the practice of magic. However, due to some marked differences between Mauss’ propositions and what Christians believe and do, it is difficult to define the act of speaking in tongues as a magical practice in terms of M auss’ theory on Magic.

Personal tv history assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal tv history assignment - Essay Example Further, viewing television is not only an individual act of one’s choice, but often it is a result of adjustment, negotiation, compromises and imitation of others in the child’s environment.† Although my TV viewing was not overly restricted by other members of the family (usually they took over the TV at night until they finally broke down and bought me my own TV when I was still in grade school), the choices I made in programming and the amount of time I spent with the TV were definitely influenced by external influences. In reflecting on my own TV watching experience, I remember only turning on the set when I was bored and couldn’t find anything else to do, but I also remember being bored often, that we, as a family, never did anything interesting. My mother indicates I would have rather watched TV than do anything else, even watching TV when we went to visit friends and relatives. This is a huge difference in perspectives that still manifested in me watching TV all the time. My mother saw it as a prime source of entertainment while I perceived TV to be little more than a time-filler between one event and the next. This begins to indicate an incredible failure to communicate between myself and my mother that is further demonstrated in our difference in viewing preferences. My mother has indicated that when she did watch TV, it was usually news programs or ‘prime time’ television, typically things like the sit-coms I liked to watch. However, she also indicates that it was a very rare occasion when she’d sit down and watch a program with me. This comes closer to coinciding with my memory, in which my parents chose to purchase a small TV for me rather than attempt to negotiate television watching time or selection of programs. Because this was my television, there was no compromising with my younger

Facilitating Learning and Teaching Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Facilitating Learning and Teaching - Essay Example Reflection is a way in which professionals can bridge the theory-practice gap, based on the potential of reflection to uncover knowledge in and on action (Schon, 1983 cited in Taylor, 2006). (Taylor, 2006) in his book defined reflection in more broad way, Reflection is the throwing back of thoughts and memories, in cognitive acts such as thinking, contemplation, meditation and any other form of attentive consideration, in order to make sense of them, and to make contextually appropriate changes if they are required. When we use reflection it enable us to explore what is beyond the line of vision and to look around and find out what is behind. Reflection in nursing education allows students to express their learning which occurred in the clinical placement (Kuiper & Pesut, 2004). The reflection can confirm and correct actions. Doing that equips you translate strategies successfully in the new situations and continue development. Also when problems exist it enables you to avoid using t he previous solutions in the new similar situations and try another new ways of actions (Jones, 2010:11) Reflection is divided in to two types, reflection in action and reflection on action, identified by Donald Schon (1983) Cited by Jasper (2003). Reflection in action is the way that people think and theorise about practice while they are doing it. It is an automatic activity occurs during situation in the practice in every day practice. Reflection on action involves us in consciously exploring experience and thinking about practice after it has occurred to discover the knowledge used in the situation. This occurs through analysis, interpretation, and the recombination of information about the experience so that the new perspectives are found about that what has happened. It is an active process that changes the experience to knowledge by thinking, analyzing and describing the situation. In this paper work I am going to reflect on a lecture given by me for midwives’ students and will use reflection on action through following Gibbs reflection framework (Rolf et al,2001:18 & Jasper 2003:6). This reflection framework model is developed by Graham Gibbs in 1998. It consists of six stages that guide you through the process of reflection by asking a set of question divided in the cycle stages. The stages are description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion and action plan (Jasper, 2003:78). Description Meeting with the lecturer was made two week before the lecture day, which gave enough time to read, plan and prepare for the lecture. The lecture subject and the time were discussed between me and the module lecturer. The topic was about kidney and urine formation, covering anatomy and pathophysiology. It was the last session on a Friday and the students are eager to go home and start their weekend; I arrived one hour before the session, to meet the lecturer and to show here the material, the case studies related to the subject and the multiple choice q uestions. After that we discussed the session plan and she suggested to amend one multiple choice question and it was done. We arrived in the class room and the lecturer introduced me and my colleague and informed the student that we are going to give today’s lectures. My colleague started her lecture that was about body fluids. I sat on the side to take some notes that will be useful to include in my session. After my colleague

Cyberspace and War Essay Example for Free

Cyberspace and War Essay Reading the highly interesting essay entitled â€Å"Navigating the Cyberspaces of Virtual War† presents to us the reasons why movies like The Terminator movie series are no longer works of fiction as written by an over active imagination. The reality is that science and computer technology have reached that point in the evolution of the systems that both the real and imagined reality of everyday lives, problems, and in this case, world wars, can now seamlessly interact and allow human beings to become active participants in the situations without really posing any physical dangers to the themselves. We have to admit that violence is an inborn characteristic of humans regardless of age, gender, and capability. But, man is afraid of the real repercussions stemming from any act of violence. Nobody in his right mind would put his own life on the line if he can find a way around it. This is the problem that presented itself to the public the day that man found a way to involve themselves in virtual war games. It is true that soldiers must be well trained and versed in handling their weapons and be so familiar with their combat zone that they can patrol the area blindfolded. For the military, the applications of virtual war is endless and a fantastic training tool that limit’s the number of casualties in the field. The problem is that the virtual war games were commercialized and sold to the public for home entertainment. The end result of the virtual gaming world was the desensitizing of mankind. Virtual Reality turned into an actual reality for some wherein nobody ever actually got hurt or died. It redefined violence for the participants and made it seem alright to blow each other up because â€Å"It’s just a game†. However, the developers of such games neglected to consider the psychological effect of the game on an ordinary person. A soldier would eventually have to deal with the reality of his virtual training and deal with actual loss of lives from both friendly and enemy fire. For the common man who merely plays the game and does not need to experience the actual loss, it instead gives him a thrill that sometimes pushes him to emulate the game in a real life setting. Early on, I mentioned that the Terminator movie series has now turned into a reality. This is a truth that can be seen because of the way cyberspace and war have turned battles into situations fought by remote control from the comfort of the soldier’s home base using highly intelligent computer systems that are capable of deciding upon what kind of weapons to use depending upon what their sensors data transmits to the onboard computer. But, what if the onboard computer develops a problem that causes the machine to turn upon its remote operators? What if Artificial Intelligence turns into Real Computer Intelligence? Are we prepared for such repercussions? Our computer developers and scientists have turned computers into almost fully independent machines that can function and decide its own actions in times of war. Good for the soldier because he won’t have to risk his life on the battlefront. Bad news for the rest of us because cyberspace is filled with computer hackers who would love to be able to gain the bragging rights to being that one person who took down a whole satellite system or took virtual / cyberspace enabled control of a real online defense system thereby gaining control of the military fighting machines for his own whims. Cyborgs are not that far off in development either. A perfect fighting machine, no feelings or logic, just a follower designed to eliminate the enemy as per preloaded mission objectives. The question is, how prepared are we to unleash such forces into reality? What safeguards are in place within cyberspace to protect us from the potential disasters cyber wars and technological advancements in cyberspace could bring upon mankind? The internet, online war gaming, television, and newspapers all present us with the realities of war while we are still far removed from the actual situation. I believe that if the world is to know any sort of peace, such virtual technologies should be limited to only military applications and not be allowed for commercial purposes. There is no need to feed the violent tendencies of man. Instead, a separate virtual reality should be developed for the common folk where we can practice solving political tensions through discussion and treaties instead. Leave the virtual fighting to those who are trained to really handle such situations. Cyberspace and war do not have to become any sort of reality for mankind simply because all it will bring about is our own self destruction in both virtual and actual reality.

Children Immigrants Essay -- Immigration History Italian Child Labor E

Children Immigrants Immigrant children did not live an easy life in the nineteenth century. Most children were never educated. Italian children immigrants were rarely put through schooling. However, Eastern European Jewish immigrants looked at public schooling as their best way to help their children enhance their potential in life. Chicago, Detroit, and New York City had large populations of Jewish and Italian immigrants. The conditions of the children in all three cities were similar yet different with cities in which they lived in. Jewish and Italian immigrant children had to overcome many obstacles during their adjustment to American life in the nineteenth century. Italian immigrants' children were cast into adult life at a very early age. Many of these children worked in their homes. 'They 'take out' work from sweatshops to their homes, where at times they work twelve, fourteen and sixteen hours a day finishing pants, or overalls, or children's jackets and knee pants for fifty or sixty cents a day'(The Italian girl in Chicago). An average day of work was usually like this with grueling twelve to sixteen hours. Italian children in the city of Chicago were likely to marry at a young age. Italian children also seemed to question their father?s authority and their religion. ?Children of Italian parentage seem to repudiate the language, religion, and customs of their fathers more often than do the children of other foreign groups? (The second generation). It is prevalent that the Italian culture is carried in their children. These Italian children formed a generation gap. ?Though as rule they do not mix with their American schoolmates outside the classroom, they quickly acquire an Americanism which is in violent contrast to the customs of their parents? (The second generation). Italian children often found themselves caught between their culture and authority of the schools and their families. School had a way of causing Italian children to feel inferior to those who spoke English as their first language. Italians who could master English had enable them to break free from their Italian neighborhoods and venture into Chicago. There were different expectations that pertained to boys and girls of Italian decent. Southern Italian girls in Chicago were guarded more strictly than the same Italian immigrant girls from the north side. Italian immig... ...ntity Explorer: Immigrations and Migration CD-ROM. New York: McGraw-Hill/Primis, 1998. ?Tenement Homework, New York, 1912? New York/Italian/At home. American Identity Explorer: Immigrations and Migration. Kenneth Waltzer and Kathleen Geissler, Curators. CD-ROM. New York: McGraw-Hill/Primis, 1998. ?Girls on the street, 1979? New York/East European Jewish/Inter group relations. American Identity Explorer: Immigrations and Migration. Kenneth Waltzer and Kathleen Geissler, Curators. CD-ROM. New York: McGraw-Hill/Primis, 1998. ?Bishop School Class, 1906? New York/East European Jewish/ Socialization. American Identity Explorer: Immigrations and Migration. Kenneth Waltzer and Kathleen Geissler, Curators. CD-ROM. New York: McGraw-Hill/Primis, 1998. ?The Second Generation, 1939? Chicago/Italian/ Socialization. American Identity Explorer: Immigrations and Migration. Kenneth Waltzer and Kathleen Geissler, Curators. CD-ROM. New York: McGraw-Hill/Primis, 1998. ?Italian Neighborhoods in Detroit, 1939? Detroit/Italian/In the streets. American Identity Explorer: Immigrations and Migration. Kenneth Waltzer and Kathleen Geissler, Curators. CD-ROM. New York: McGraw-Hill/Primis, 1998.

Role of Language and Script in Raising the Religious Revivalism

Role of Language and Script in Raising the Religious Revivalism in Colonial Punjab aYESHA TABBASUM The language played the significant role in the creation of identities among the major communities in pr-parathion India. The Urdu language had developed as a common language among all the communities and was, in the absence of a common religion the North-western Provinces and various part other parts of the subcontinent. I. H. Qureshi, History of the Pakistan,(BCC& Press Karachi, university of karachi2006) 807.Language Controversy between Urdu and Hindi Although it was religion which was the key defining feature of Muslim identity, the Urdu language was an important symbol. For Hindus, except for the religious communities, the symbol of religion had to be played down to avoid alienating other major religious communities. However, despite linguistic pluralism, the Hindi language remained an important symbol in the construction of the Hindu identity for the Hindu community.Tariq Rahman, language and politics in Pakistan,(Karachi, oxford university press 1996) 60 As in colonial Punjab   Hindu patshalas,which taught mantras and basic knowledge of the shastras, Muslims Quran schools, and Sikhs educational institutions which taught the sacred text of Sikhism, the Granth ,and the Gurumukhi Script of the Punjabi language used by Sikhs. The stand read spoken language of north India in the British period was referred to interchangeably as Urdu, Hindi.Paul Brass, language, religion and politics in north India (Cambridge: Cambridge university press, 1974), 129 But its was written in different script: as Urdu was written in Persian script while Hindu community used it in Hindi for general communication purposes was generally written in Devanagri, also known as Nagri. as Urdu was incorporated various Arabic and Persian words while Hindi drew on Sanskrit was cited by Hindu nationalists as â€Å"proof† that Islam was foreign religion in India and there language should b e the language of country.Vickie Langhor, Colonial education system and spread of local religious movements; the cases of British Egypt and Punjab,(Cambridge university press,2005) 174 But it was the fact that Urdu language being used by Hindu community of north Indian. Till 1931 many Hindu in colonial Punjab were literate in Urdu instead of Hindi language. Before the partition of India, during the colonial Punjab Language and script become the major source of division among the major communities of as Hindus –Muslims and Sikhs.Ever since the beginning of the 11th century Northern India was remained under the Muslim rulers. During different periods different Muslims rulers ruled at different times and different dynasties spoke diverse languages as Afghans spoke Pushtu and Turks Turki and the Mughals spoke the Persian, Sikhs of the Punjab A Study of Confrontation and political mobilization, Dr Sarfraz Khawaja, (Islamabad, Pakistan: modern book dept, 1985) 41 As it was the fact that in the period of the later Mughals, Urdu and Persian both languages were the court languages.When British succeeded the subcontinent they continued the same languages as the court languages. Shan Muhammad, the growth of Muslim politics in india1900-1919 (New Delhi, shish publishing house, 1991) 35. These languages were understood, also spoke at large scale, but natives languages were also spoke by the native communities as Hindi, Punjabi Pahari Hindustani. In which Urdu and Hindi both languages were the mixture of native and foreign languages Two sides of one coin Hindi Urdu, or Urdu HindiAs Hindi and Urdu were two names of one language script differentiate between them it called Urdu when it written in perso-Arabic script (both languages were associated with Muslim community) and when written in the Nagari script (associated with Hindu community); there were some lexical and phrasal differences. Yet the two names for one language were frequently used for the same language and its literature segmented into parts largely on the basis of script and religions. S.Settar, Indira BaptistaGupta, Pangs of partition vol ?,(new Delhi: Manohar publisher,2002. ) 34. Punjabi Hindu community used Urdu language as the language of commerce, journalism and administration. Urdu language was also the major language of literary expression not only in Muslim community in Hindu community as well in British Punjab while Punjabi was the spoken language. Atamjit Singh, The languages divide in Punjab South Asian Graduate Research Journal, 9Achadmic of the Punjab new America) Volume 4, No. , spring 1997 Colonial government language policy in Bihar and its after effects Urdu was mixture of Persian, Arabic and Hindi Punjabi. As this spoken language soon become to be written in the Persian and Arabic languages language. Urdu gained the as official language status after the abolishment of the Persian language in various provinces of the northern India so at 1842 lord Lawrence confirme d that â€Å"the use of this language (Urdu) is rapidly spreading among all the ranks and is becoming a lingua Franca† Abid41Till the 2nd half of the 9th century Urdu not only became a dominate language but also symbol of Muslim influence and power But In 1837 Persian language had been replaced by Indian vernaculars and Urdu was introduced as the vernacular of ‘the vast tract of country known as Hindustani language, not only in Bihar and NWP and portions of central as well, However Government did not want personalized Urdu to be used as the vernacular. An order of 19 April 1839 declared:The pleading and proceedings be recorded in lucid intelligible Oordoo, and that the natives ministerial officers†¦ do not merely alternate a hindoostanee for a Persian verb at the end of sentence†¦ Tariq Rahman, language and politics in Pakistan,(Karachi, oxford university press 1996) 62 As various colonial officers discourage again and again Urdu language they were in the favo r to accepting Hindi as the vernacular language of the Hindustani people’s. The director of public instruction stated in his report:    Indo-Persian of the courts has no raisond’etre except as a remnan and reminiscence of mahomedan sovereignty Abid 62.In 1872 sir Gorge Cambell, Lieutenant Governor of Bihar, approved order in which Urdu replaced by Hindi language in the courts of the province and this order was strictly imposed in 1880 by Sir Ashley Eden. Abid 62. As Hindi language was not pure one language but the blend of the many natives’ dialects of north India in its widest perspective it could be assumed that Hindi language spoken in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and the Colonial Punjab. Dr Sarfraz Khawaga, Sikhs of the Punjab A study of confrontation and political mobilization, (Islamabad: Modern book depot, 1985. 43. As Hindi language had written in Nagari or Devengri script. The Nagri or Devangri alphabet originated sometime in the 11th century AD. initially developed to write Sanskrit it later modified to write   with several other languages. The name Devangri is made up of two Sanskrit words: Deva, which means god, Brahman or celestiai and nagari, which means city. The name is variously translated as ‘script of the city’, ‘heavenly/sacred script of the city’ or [script of the] city of the god or priests’.So for Hindu community Hindi language purged of all Persian and Arabic accretion which served to remind them of Muslim community ascendancy, As Devanagri script had a religious importance for Hindu community since it was the character which Brahmans used and in which Sanskrit books were written. So due to the religious association Hindu community insist to colonial government in various provinces that Urdu written in Persian script must be replaced by the Hindu with its Devanagari script.To fulfill their demand they presented the reason that: (Urdu language was an amal gam of Persian and Arabic languages -and it -and it was forced upon us by our former rulers†¦but it was by no means accepted by the peoples at large†¦no Hindu gentlemen would ever condescend to educate his female in    Urdu language and Persian because the books written   in   these languages are usually obscene. Report by the north western province and qudh provincial committee of education commission, (1884) ,   490. quated by Dr Sarfaz Khawaja op. cit, 72.Pro Hindi –script activities of Hindu community and Muslim response Pro Hindi agitation traveled from Bihar to the other provinces due to the two main reasons as: first when British replaced the Urdu language with Hindi language this decision provide the courage to the Hindu community due to this decision later Bengali Hindu community started protest in Bengal. Secondly then when Fateh chand established committees to press for Hindi language. Pro-Hindi movement quickly spread in    Hindu community of t he north colonial Indian.Then pro Hindi agitation travelled from Bihar, Bengal to other provinces such as NWFP. There was quashed manifestation occurred: a failure to introduce Devanagari in the colonial Punjab and NWFP. Jaswant Singh, Jinnah India-partition-independence (New Delhi: Rupa publisher, 2009. ) 41 Muslim reaction towards Urdu Hindi controversy in colonial Punjab Enforcement of Hindi language became a cause for grievance amongst major religious communities as Hindus and Muslims in various parts of indo-Pak Subcontinent. But in colonial Punjab arose for the very first time in 1882.Paul R. Brass, Language, Religion and Politics in North India (London :Cambridge university press,1974),287 The demand of substitute of Hindi language in davanagri script for Urdu in Persian script in colonial Punjab by urban Hindu community was not only cause the Hindu – Muslim communal conflict. But pro-Hindi campaign, Devanagri script form   Punjabi Hindu community    and   protec tive activities of Punjabi Muslim community for   Urdu language was pushed the both religious communities to protect and promote interest of their own communities.

Stopping by the Woods On A Snowy Evening, Commentary

This poem was composed by Robert frost in 1922. It is narrative in style and consists of four stanzas, each stanza having four lines. Each verse is constructed in the iambic tetrameter, with eight syllables – one stressed and one unstressed syllable, alternately. As the title suggests, the poem features a journey through the woods. Frost is said to have composed this after a long night of work on another poem, ‘New Hampshire'. In the morning, when he stepped out of his cottage, it is said that he was so taken in by the scenic beauty of his surroundings that he was inspired to compose this poem there and then. Critics have marveled at the beauty of the poem, it required little thought and came to Frost in short bursts of revelation. He composed it in a matter of a few minutes. Though the language or diction used by Frost is simple, it suggests at an altogether deeper meaning. Frost's philosophy on life is reflected in this poem. The poem commences with an easy note and gives rise to wisdom later along. The persona and the author are clearly separated from each other into two different entities. The speaker is depicted at another time and place from that of the writer. The persona is a way-farer who journeys through the woods which offer him temptations which he wants to indulge in but ultimately resists. There is a mysterious quality about the woods, and the persona wants to observe and explore it further but is held back by social constraints. The line ‘I have promises to keep,' echo the obligations he has and he is forced to choose between nature and return to civilization. The title of the poem is apt and introduces the reader to the setting of the poem. Assonance can be seen in the title which gives it a soft tone, the ‘s' sound in words like ‘stopping', ‘woods' and ‘snowy' reiterates this. The poem starts off with the persona plainly stating a fact, it makes the reader wonder on the persona's acquaintance with the owner of the woods since he appears to know where he resides. The fact that the owner wasn't there to watch how beautiful his woods looked at that particular time seem to concern the persona, his tone is that of credible surprise. The ownership of the woods attributed to another person reveals his longing for a place of such beauty. The ‘w' sound is repeated in line 1, ‘Whose woods these are I think I know,' the ‘h' sound also creates a hushed effect. It is as if the persona is addressing the reader about the owner of the woods in hushed tones. This indicates the persona's appreciation and expression of feeling for natural beauty as seen in the lush woods. In this stanza, Frosts' tone becomes matter-of-fact, and it is ironic that the persona who is just a passerby while the same appreciation cannot be sensed on the owners part. The last line of this stanza, ‘to watch his woods fill up with snow' has visual imagery. It conveys a sense of distance from civilization. The ‘snow' signifies purity, an innate quality of nature. The second stanza deals with the persona halting in mid-journey. This brings on a reaction from his horse. The horse symbolizes a trained and habituated mind, stopping abruptly through the woods had brought a shadow of doubt, the horses' sense of direction was at play. ‘Without a farmhouse near' conveys a picture of the persona's earlier doings, due to force of habit the persona had always sought shelter in an enclosed space like that of a ‘farmhouse'. But now it seemed that he had simply stopped in a patch of clearing just to enjoy watching the sight of the woods. Lines 7 to 8: ‘Between the woods and frozen lake The darkest evening of the year', convey the particular time period when the persona records his halt in the woods. ‘Darkest evening of the year' refers to winter solstice which normally occurs around mid-December. The persona and his horse are so isolated that nothing stands between them and the ‘frozen lake'. The ‘frozen lake' indicates the bitter cold and hardship they had had braved just so that the persona could revel in the tranquility of the woods for some time. This stanza also echoes how the persona marvels at his own marvel of the silent, still uninhabited sanctuary of nature which had taken him in, the speaker emphasizes this oddity by how his horse found it ‘queer'. The poem's rhyme scheme is in order: AABABBCBA, and so on. The verses are almost uniform in length and open-punctuation has been used. Each verse starts with a capital letter indicating the beginning of a new line and there are no instances of enjambment. The third stanza starts off with the horses' objection, ‘to ask if there is some mistake'. The horse's reasoning ability and intelligence has been brought out, it is a best of habit and also of considerable intelligence. Through his narration of the horse Frost has also brought to light his appreciation of animals in particular. The penultimate line of the stanza emphasizes the stillness of the woods. Sensory imagery has been used in ‘easy wind' and ‘downy flake'. A hyperbole or an exaggeration on the nature of snow has been employed. It is worthy to note that snow doesn't make any sound. The last stanza expresses the persona's desire to explore the woods further. He's held back by unfinished business (‘promises') and knows that he can't afford leisure. ‘Lovely, dark and deep' calls attention to the fact that he can't afford to indulge in the awaiting pleasures of the woods. There is a sense of purpose in the persona's life, the persona gathers himself and sets off towards his destination. He knows that he can't allow himself the luxury of exploring the mysterious depths of the woods and stray away from his goals. The last two lines are direct repetitions of each other, ‘sleep' can connote two different meanings. The first mention of ‘sleep' can refer to rest and relaxation, while the latter can also refer to the ‘sleep' of death. This meaningfully signifies that he has many things left to do and that he can't afford to be held back by the penetrating beauty of the woods no matter how tempting they get. This firm denial brings him back to reality and he recollects everything. This poem alludes to another one of Frost's poems, ‘The Road Not Taken' where Frost places the persona in a similar situation where the persona is forced to make a choice between two paths. One of the paths is lush, green and very welcoming but he takes the one ‘less travelled by'. His mental struggles can be seen in both of these poems. This poem also bears a similar moral message as that of ‘The Lotos-Eaters' by Tennyson, in which the soldiers decide between their chance at bliss and their responsibilities and aims in life.

Salinity Lab Report Essay Example

Salinity Lab Report Essay Example Salinity Lab Report Paper Salinity Lab Report Paper If you put these organisms in a bottle and turn on the lights, you get photosynthesis. If you turn off the lights, you turn off the primary production. Darkness has no effect on respiration. This is because cellular respiration is actually the reverse process of photosynthesis. Oxygen is a necessity of life requirements for basically all living organisms. * In this lab we are testing how different levels of salinity in the water indirectly affects the gross primary productivity in aquatic plants. To measure this you would use the light ND dark bottle method. Only respiration (R) can occur in the bottle stored in the dark. The decrease in dissolved oxygen in the dark bottle over time is a measure of the rate of respiration. Both photosynthesis and respiration can occur in the bottle exposed to light, however the difference between the amount of oxygen produced through photosynthesis and that consumed through respiration is the net primary productivity (NAP). The difference in dissolved oxygen over time between the bottles stored in the light and in the dark is a measure of the total amount of oxygen produced by photosynthesis. The total amount of oxygen produced is called the gross primary productivity (GAP). The equation for this method is as followed: GAP= NAP + R NAP= light bottle initial DO R= initial DO- dark bottle Materials: 18 moll flasks 2- 1000 ml beakers Stirrers salt Weigh boat Scale Distilled water Tap water Tape Sharpie Tin foil Dissolved oxygen probe Compact plant leaves Dissolve oxygen probe Plastic film Procedure: 1. Plug in and set up dissolved oxygen probe 2. Gather 18 flasks 3. Separate the flasks into 3 groups (0. 25 g/ml, 0. 02 g/ml, and zero MGM/l) 4. Label he first 6 flasks zero for zero salt. 5. Label the next 6 flasks 0. 25 g/ml because those flasks will have salinity content of 0. 25 g/ml. 6. Label the last 6 flasks 0. Egg/ml which will have salinity content of 0. 02 g/ml 7. Using the scale and a weigh boat, weigh out 0. 25 grams of salt. 8. Fill the 1 liter beaker with tap water and pour the 0. 25 grams of salt. 9. Mix and distribute the water to the 60. 25 g/ml flasks. 10. Repeat steps 6 through 9 using the required measurements. 11. Using the dissolved oxygen probe measure and record the data for all 18 flasks. This quantitative data will be your initial dissolved oxygen. 12. Place one compact plant leaf into every flask and airtight seal each flask using the plastic film. 13. Within the 3 separate groups, split the flasks into two groups. Wrap half of the group flasks in tin foil and the other half place under lights. (i. E. : The 6 zero salinity flasks will turn into two groups of 3. ) 14. Wait 3 days and then record findings. Use this data to calculate NAP, R, and GAP. Discussion: From the data collected, I got negative GAP and R values which shows an error in the lab/data collection. The group that ended up with a positive gross primary productivity was the 0. 02 MGM/l group. All 3 salinity variations had relatively the same net primary productivity, with 4 MGM/l being the lowest and 4. 8 MGM/l being the highest. The amount of salinity in the water also showed no difference in the plants respiration. The lowest was -4. 7 MGM/l in both 0. MGM/l and the zero salinity groups. The group with the highest amount of salt in the water had the highest respiration, which isnt something that would happen in real life. Evaluation: A main source of error in this lab was the type of Lana we used. Either the salt didnt affect it much or it didnt photosynthesis as well as we planned. There was an error in the data collection because the respiration values and gross productivity values were negative which would not happen in real life. Another problem with this lab is that it takes a while to get everything set up on the first day and can almost take two days which would not work because you need to collect the initial DO and taking more than one day would not make the DO reading initial. Conclusion: My hypothesis was not supported.

Bulleted Lists

Bulleted Lists Bulleted Lists Bulleted Lists By Maeve Maddox More than one reader has asked me to write about bulleted lists. The term takes its name from a typographical symbol called a bullet, a round dot used to mark or emphasize a paragraph or an item in a vertical list. Nowadays, typographical bullets are not limited to dots, but can be any geometric shape. They can even be little pictures or company logos. The English word bullet comes from French boulette, a diminutive of boule, â€Å"ball.† Until the 19th century, bullets were round. Bulleted lists are used to make items stand out from the text without implying order of importance. They may include punctuation marks like commas and semicolons, but for most blogging applications, it’s a good idea to keep punctuation to a minimum. Here are three models that will serve for most purposes. 1. Headline followed by items This format is suitable for a list of one or two-word items under a headline: What Not To Take On A Plane Sharp Objects Sporting Goods Firearms Tools When the items are expressed in just one or two words, it’s usual to capitalize them. 2. Introductory sentence introducing phrases This format is suitable for a list in the context of an article. The introductory statement is followed by a colon: In order to register, you must bring the following documents: an official copy of your birth certificate a recent photo ID a recent utility bill addressed to you or to a member of your family Items do not have capitals if they are fragments. 3. Introductory sentence introducing complete sentences Passengers will avoid losing luggage if they follow these guidelines: Put contact information inside as well as outside your bag. Put a distinguishing mark on your bag to make it easy to identify. Keep valuable items with you. Keep the stub of your checked baggage with you. Items that are complete sentences are capitalized and have end punctuation. If possible, keep each item to one line and observe parallel construction. If your item extends to a second line, start the second line under the first word that follows the bullet for that item. For other formatting that includes commas and semicolons, see The Chicago Manual of Style (16th edition), sections 6.124 and 6.125. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Yours faithfully or Yours sincerely?The Writing Process"To Tide You Over"

Implications and advancements of dna (as a medical milestone) in the Essay

Implications and advancements of dna (as a medical milestone) in the future - Essay Example Some of the disorders include hemophilia, and sickle cell anemia among others. The detection enables the parents and medical staff to prepare for the upcoming treatments. Genetic counsellors also use the knowledge of DNA to advise couples on their risks of having disabled children (â€Å"nih.gov†). Medical experts are also developing new technologies that can rapidly sequence large quantities of DNA. The initial sequencing method was called Sanger, but has now undergone automation for it to work faster than before. Other DNA technologies such as STR and RFLP have erupted and will continue to erupt as long studies in DNA do not stop. The next generation sequencing technologies can sequence human DNA in a short time and at low costs (â€Å"nih.gov†). Over the last few years, the world has witnessed rapid progress in biotechnology and, in particular, the human genome project. The advancement has seen the emergence of complex datasets such as Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms, microarray expression of cells, and genome sequencing of various species. All this has given rise to bioinformatics, a field with vast applications in the medical field (â€Å"nih.gov†). What the future holds on DNA remains a mystery, and it is only time and science that can

Artices summary Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Artices summary - Article Example The chosen article consists of a study conducted on women in order to identify their underlying causes for major depression. The personalities of over 2000 women were studied by doctors at the Medical College of Virginia where they tried to unearth the kind of feelings women were going through. The main aim for the purpose of this test was to figure out the levels of depression as well as neuroticism that most women felt. According to the background of the study conducted, it was stated that these two factors are the most common aspects of a person’s inner thinking and mind which helps to depict whether or not a person is going through feelings of depression or is facing a period of depression. After a proper analysis of the results, it was noted that neuroticism coupled with depression were mostly caused due to genetic factors first. It was comprehended from the test results that in order to find out a woman’s level of depression, it is easier to understand the same by doing a search of the feelings of anxiety and stress levels in a woman rather than looking at her self esteem. (Seth B. Roberts and Kenneth S. Kendler, 1999) The article chosen for the purpose of explanation of substance dependency is based on young boys in their early-late teenage years. A number of noted psychologists have stated that this age has been witnessing an increase in terms of substance users and abusers around the world. Dependence on alcohol or drugs takes place in the subconscious of an individual at first and therefore, it is a very psychological reaction faced by the person as he continues or increases his usage of substances to carry on with his lifestyle. The article notes that there are a number of offspring of substance users that fall into the trap as well, and due to such usage of drugs, narcotics and alcohol to lead a wayward life, they lose their ability to control emotions and fair very poorly thus, in ECF tests conducted. Such users have been said